INS and Insulin resistance: These included traditional markers such as HbA1c,16, -18,24,25 fasting insulin,16,17 and fasting glucose.16,17,19,25 Four studies reported additional markers of insulin resistance such as HOMA-IR (homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance).16, , -19 Indices related to glucose variability, including time in range, time above range, and time below range,19,25 were used to assess glucose control over time.