IGHE and asthma: With respect to the relationship between the infant upper airway microbiome and the development of asthma, a landmark study of hypopharyngeal samples from 321 neonates in the Copenhagen-based longitudinal study COPSAC2000 found using culture-based methods that upper airway colonization at 1 month of age with Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis was associated with future wheeze, asthma at 5 years of age, and blood eosinophil count and total but not specific IgE at 4 years of age (6).