SPTB and histiocytic sarcoma: Mutations in genes such as ANK1, SPTB, SLC4A1, and EPB42 are commonly associated with HS, and they affect the proteins ankyrin (Gariballa et al., 2024), β-spectrin (Boguslawska et al., 2021), band 310 (Liao et al., 2025), and protein 4.211, respectively (Muley et al., 2019).