LGALS3 and Insulin resistance: Galectin-3 has been implicated in mTORC1 signaling, particularly in cellular metabolism and its compartmentalization in lysosomes, suggesting that the suppression of this pathway by metformin could reduce galectin-3 expression, thereby alleviating insulin resistance and chronic inflammation in PCOS (Rudnicka et al., 2021; Chen X. et al., 2022).