In the Vaccine Cohort, higher sPD-L1 levels were significantly associated with advancing CKD stage (P < 0.001), even after adjusting for age, sex, hypertension, diabetes, and cancer (β 0.031, 95% CI 0.019–0.043, P < 0.01) (Table 2). This evidence concerns the gene SPDL1 and diabetes mellitus.