AKT1 and colorectal carcinoma: Although no direct association between Geminocystis and CRC has been reported in the literature, prior studies have shown that the cyanotoxin microcystin-leucine arginine (MC-LR) produced by cyanobacteria, may activate the Wnt/β-catenin pathway via the PI3K/Akt pathway, thereby promoting CRC cell proliferation (59).