Regarding the signaling of growth factor receptors, several mitogenic growth factors and their ligands are overexpressed in pancreatic cancer, such as: EGF and EGFR (the receptor of EGF), multiple EGFR-binding ligands; IGF and its receptor (IGFR); platelet-derived growth factor; and vascular endothelial growth factor (24). This evidence concerns the gene IGF1 and familial pancreatic carcinoma.