DLG4 and dementia: 2023; Nie et al. 2021). Cryptotanshinone promotes neuronal synapse growth and ameliorates synaptic damage by regulating the PI3K/Akt/GSK3β pathway (Lyu and Jia 2022). Ferulic acid can effectively increase PSD95 and SYN synaptic protein expression in dementia models to improve synaptic plasticity and cognitive dysfunction (Mahaman et al. 2023).