These two domains functionally couple with the ATPase activity of HSP70 hydrolyzing ATP to ADP, leading to conformational changes in adjacent domains, thereby enhancing substrate binding affinity.55 Contrary to previous findings showing a decreased expression of HSP70 in the intestinal mucosa of IBD patients under inflammatory conditions, our study revealed an increased expression of HSP70 in CD4+ T cells under verification. Here, CD4 is linked to inflammatory bowel disease.