HSP70 is critical for protein folding, assembly, and degradation, thus ensuring intracellular protein homeostasis.41 Previous studies have demonstrated that HSP70 plays a pivotal role in the differentiation of Th17 cells in the progression of some autoimmune diseases (e.g., psoriasis and multiple sclerosis).42,43 Notably, HSPA1A was observed to be highly expressed in CD4+ T cells of IBD patients but markedly reduced following IPA stimulation in both IBD patients and healthy donors (Figure 5(c)). Here, HSPA1A is linked to multiple sclerosis.