TFAM and Hyperglycemia: Activation of AMPK also increases the expression of a set of metabolic genes denoted as SR-BI, GSTP1, and BCO2 which corrects the hyperglycemia-induced modulation of zeaxanthin and lutein homeostasis in addition to genes responsible for mitochondrial biogenesis (PGC-1-α, NRF1, and TFAM), and cell stress responses (HIF-1, VEGF, and HSP60) eventually improving mitochondrial dysfunction caused by hyperglycemia and exerting a retino-protective effect on diabetic mice (Yu et al. 2013).