The results showed that following E. tarda infection for 2 hr or 4 hr, cell death and IL-1β release were significantly decreased in NLRC4 knockout (NLRC4-KO) cells, Casp4 knockout (Casp4-KO) cells, and NLRP3 knockdown (NLRP3-KD) cells (at 4 hr post-infection), but not in Aim2 knockout (Aim2-KO) cells (Figure 1F–I). This evidence concerns the gene NLRP3 and infection.