Notably, the markers distinguishing these cell populations were identified, such as KRT8 for epithelial cells, VWF for endothelial cells, COL1A1 for cancer-associated fibroblasts, MS4A1 for B cells, MZB1 for plasma cells, MS4A2 for mast cells, CD68 for macrophages/monocytes, LAMP3 for dendritic cells, CD3D for T cells, and GNLY for natural killer cells. Here, COL1A1 is linked to cancer.