TGFB1 and cancer: KEGG analysis showed that the upregulated genes were principally enriched in TGF−β signaling pathway, ECM−receptor interaction, and proteoglycans in cancer (Fig. 3C), while the downregulated expression genes were largely enriched in the chemokine signaling pathway, IL−17 signaling pathway, and cytokine−cytokine receptor interaction (Fig. 3D).