TNF and colitis: According to Xie et al. (2023) at the same colitis time points, MP consumption led to a more pronounced colon shortening, a higher inflammation severity in the cecum and colon at the macroscopic level and histological score of the colon, an increase in the level of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 and Il1b and Il6 mRNA in the colon and the level of lipopolysaccharide in the blood.