KRAS and non-small cell lung carcinoma: The Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) is subject to frequent mutations in various types of cancer, especially in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), where KRAS mutations dysregulate downstream cell signaling pathways such as PI3K/AKT and MAPK/ERK, resulting in abnormal activation of cellular proliferation and survival mechanisms (79, 80).