MAPK3 and colorectal cancer: HHT targets EphB4, inhibiting the activation of the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase/Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase 1/2 (MAPK/ERK1/2) and Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathways, while regulating the expression of cell cycle-related proteins (such as cyclin A2 and CDC2) and apoptosis-related proteins (including Bcl-2/Bax, Mcl-1, Bad, and caspases-3, 7, and 9), thereby effectively suppressing the progression of colorectal cancer cells (LoVo) (20).