HP and glomerulonephritis: This could have been explained first by the probability of hemolysis due to glomerulonephritis and tubular cell damage as hemoglobin–haptoglobin complexes could be uptaken by macrophages as a renal defensive mechanism through the CD163 receptor, which is trying to protect the kidney from the harmful effect of hemoglobin as a strong oxidant (Cleary et al., 2010; Polfliet et al., 2006; Kristiansen et al., 2001).