GCG and type 1 diabetes mellitus: When compared to the T1DM mouse group, all three treatments involving EcN, EcN-GLP-1, and exenatide resulted in a substantial decrease in the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio (1.95 versus 1.67, 1.12 and 1.35, p < 0.01) (Figure 2(a)), suggesting that the probiotic strain and its engineered bacteria both could effectively inhibit pancreatic cells apoptosis.