Our findings demonstrated that the genetically modified bacteria, similar to exenatide, resulted in a notable decrease in the expression of TLR-4 (0.79 versus 0.63 and 0.43) and p-NF-κB/NF-κB (1.69 versus 0.94 and 1.02), when compared to the expression levels observed in T1DM mice (Figure 1(e); p < 0.01). Here, TLR4 is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.