VEGFA and breast cancer: In breast cancer research, Lai et al. (2019) developed a multiscale mathematical model that incorporates pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics with clinical data, including molecular profiling (tumor suppressor p53 status, vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA levels and hypoxia-inducible factor-1 α pathway deregulation score), histopathology and MRI, to predict treatment response in individual patients with HER2-negative breast cancer (Lai et al. 2019).