EGFR and cholangiocarcinoma: Furthermore, DCA significantly enhances the local spatial aggregation of phosphatidic acid (PA), promoting co-localization of PA with EGFR, which facilitates EGFR dimerization and stimulates EGFR-MAPK signaling in hepatocytes and gastrointestinal cells, including Barrett’s-associated esophageal cells, gastric cancer cells, cholangiocarcinoma cells, and colon cancer cells (Fang et al. 2021).