CXCL8 and Cowden disease: Sanda Minmoun et al. demonstrated in human intestinal epithelial cells and transgenic mouse models that adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AICE) could contribute to the pathogenesis of CD by increasing VEGF/VEGFR-2 signaling and interleukin-8 (IL-8) production (Mimouna et al. 2011).