For instance, UDCA not only can inhibit the activation of the EGFR-ERK pathway, thereby suppressing the proliferation of cholangiocarcinoma cells, but also can inhibit the expression of PI3K and AKT, providing further evidence for its anti-tumor effects in cholangiocarcinoma cells (Lee et al. 2021). This evidence concerns the gene AKT1 and cholangiocarcinoma.