INS and cancer: Insulin can promote the growth of PSC and the occurrence of stromal fibrosis.446 Overexpression of docking peptides observed in human PDAC tissues and cell lines results in the activation of intracellular IR, IRS1, and IRS2, leading to excessive activation of the PI3K signaling cascade.447–449 In PDAC, IR has been found to undergo G protein-coupled receptor cross-talk, activating mTOR, thereby stimulating cancer cell DNA synthesis and proliferation.450 Additionally, it can stimulate YAP localization through PI3K and PKD pathways, promoting the growth of PDAC cells.451