INS and Insulin resistance: For instance, mutations in the IR gene have been linked to various severe insulin resistance conditions, such as Leprechaunism, Rabson–Mendenhall syndrome, and Type A insulin resistance syndrome.462 In cases of insulin resistance, the efficiency of insulin signaling is reduced, resulting in decreased glucose uptake, diminished glycogen synthesis in the liver, and increased lipolysis in adipocytes, which subsequently triggers hyperglycemia and other metabolic disorders.