GPNMB has been associated with various pathophysiological events, including cell adhesion (40, 41), differentiation (42), senescence (43), inflammatory responses (30, 44, 45), neuronal degeneration (46, 47), bone formation (35, 42), T-cell activation (48, 49), and metastasis in several cancers (49, 50, 51). This evidence concerns the gene GPNMB and cancer.