EPO and autism: In animal models of autism induced by (i) bacterial toxin lipopolysaccharides (100 μg/kg) that were injected to pregnant rats thereby producing ASD-like symptoms in the littermates; and (ii) PPA (500 mg/kg) injected to 3 week-old rats, EPO showed modulatory effects on neurogenesis as well as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-excitotoxic properties, in addition to improved memory and learning performance, and protection against ASD development [17,18].