Stavrakis et al. on the clinical control of LL-aVNS for the treatment of paroxysmal AF The study showed that both short-term (1 h) LL-aVNS and long-term (1 h per day for 6 months) LL-aVNS reduced the levels of inflammatory factors such as TNF-α (Stavrakis et al., 2015; Stavrakis et al., 2020). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation.