In IBD, increased intestinal permeability increases antigen and adjuvant exposure.119 124 Activated mucosal proinflammatory macrophages engulf invading microbiota and secrete a range of proinflammatory cytokines including TNF, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-23, IL-12 and chemokine ligand 2.125. The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is inflammatory bowel disease.