Intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) play a protective role in IBD models (Panda et al., 2023), Furthermore, AhR regulated the development, proliferation, and function of intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) (Li et al., 2011), which may be beneficial for gut microbial balance and Maintenance of firmicutes diversity in IBD, thus enhancing secondary bile acid generation. The gene discussed is AHR; the disease is inflammatory bowel disease.