Specifically, we identified the upregulation of cell junction-related pathways (e.g., cell junction, NES = 2.32, P value = 0.001; structural molecule activity, NES = 2.49, P value = 0.001) and key signaling pathways such as VEGF and laminin signaling, which may promote tumour cell invasion along vessel walls (Leong et al., 2022; Shenoy and Lu, 2016). Here, VEGFA is linked to neoplasm.