GFAP and injury: Studies of large cohort of trauma patients observed that the amount of the plasma biomarkers Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) and Ubiquitin Carboxy-terminal Hydrolase-L1 (UCH-L1) as surrogate markers of brain injury was higher in males than in female individuals (Papa et al., 2023), whereas tau protein amounts were higher in the plasma of females (Clarke et al., 2021).