TNF and Parkinson disease: Choi et al. (2018) demonstrated that after administering P. mirabilis by the oral route to mice for 5 consecutive days, the animals showed motor alterations characteristic of PD, accompanied by the loss of dopaminergic neurons, the presence of neuroinflammation markers (Iba1, TNF-α, and IL-1β), and increased deposits of α-synuclein [46].