Tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) is an antioxidant widely used in animal-derived foods and oils, which could elevate insulin resistance and liver steatosis through adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase alpha 2 (AMPKα2)/phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) signaling in diabetes [69,70]. Here, AKT1 is linked to Insulin resistance.