PTGS2 and neoplasm: Phytic acid reduces the expression of pro-inflammatory markers such as cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-10 (IL-10), creating a less favorable environment for tumor growth [38].