DNMT3A and cancer: Lycopene has also been reported to downregulate DNMT3A and activate (demethylate) the gene promoter of glutathione S-transferase Pi (GSTP1, an important regulator involved in the defense against oxidative and genotoxic damages and silenced by hypermethylation in a variety of cancers [279]) in prostate cancer [280], in addition to exerting a wide range of indirect epigenetic modulations on cell signaling pathways involved in antioxidative defense, DNA damage and repair, inflammatory response, and cell death [281].