In a previous study combining preclinical and clinical research, VEGF-B was shown to promote metastasis in human and mouse tumor models through remodeling of tumor microvasculature, in a process seemingly independent of VEGF-A (also known as VEGF), and despite parallel suppression of primary tumor growth; furthermore, high VEGF-B tumor tissue expression was shown to correlate with worse survival in two separate cohorts of patients with squamous cell lung cancer and melanoma, respectively, suggesting that VEGF-B may adversely impact prognosis [46]. This evidence concerns the gene VEGFA and melanoma.