TNF and Insulin resistance: The inhibition of mitochondrial superoxide dismutase as a result of IO-related mitochondrial dysfunction caused by oxidative damage, as well as the activation of NF-κB in macrophages and Kupffer cells and the release of TNFα, are crucial factors downregulating insulin signaling and decreasing adiponectin levels, being involved in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance (Figure 3 [105].