Several studies have reported decreased serum hepcidin in HCC patients, as serum hepcidin levels have been proven to be decreased in non-viral HCC patients as compared to controls, and hepcidin expression in HCC biopsy specimens has been observed to be significantly lower compared to normal tissue, while HCC cell lines have shown lower hepcidin expression as compared with primary human hepatocytes, and mouse models of HCC have shown low hepcidin expression [161,162,163]. This evidence concerns the gene HAMP and hepatocellular carcinoma.