HAMP and hepatocellular carcinoma: HAMP downregulation occurs despite normal serum iron (131.4 ± 23.4 mg/dL) and normal [179.5 (14–232.9 ng/mL)] or high [414.4 (328.2–1121 ng/mL)] ferritin levels in some HCC patients or elevated levels of iron, ferritin, and transferrin saturation in the serum of HCC patients, as compared to healthy controls [162,167].