Although more studies are needed especially in patients receiving immunotherapy with ICIs (anti-PDL1, anti-PD1, anti-CTLA4) in HCC, the latter findings highlight the intricate role of neoantigens in HCC, suggesting that while TMB and overall neoantigen load may have limited prognostic utility, high-affinity neoantigens and TP53-specific neoantigens could serve as valuable biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Here, CTLA4 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.