MAPK9 and diabetes mellitus: In diabetes, AGEs activate key signaling pathways through RAGE, leading to the chronic activation of inflammatory transcription factors, which worsens tissue injury, this can include p38, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), stress-activated protein kinase/jun N-terminal kinase (SAPK/JNK), and the Jjanus kinase/signal Ttransducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway [6].