TNF and endothelial dysfunction: Obesity goes hand in hand with atherosclerosis and inflammation, with adipokines such as leptin, resistin, retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4), angiopoietin-like protein 2, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, along with cytokines IL-6, IL-1β, IL-18, and TNF, activating macrophage recruitment and endothelial dysfunction in obese patients [83].