The 48 genera that contributed to the significant deviation between the ND and HFD groups may have affected fatty acid metabolism (fatty acid biosynthesis, fatty acid elongation, fatty acid metabolism, and PPAR signaling pathway) and glucose metabolism (TCA cycle, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, insulin resistance, and pyruvate metabolism) to induce NAFLD (Figure 2D,E). Here, PPARA is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.