Scaffolds decorated with nanoscale ceria (nCe-scaffolds) enhanced cell adhesion and increased integrin expression, activating the TGF-β-SMAD2/3 and TGF-β-p38 pathways in MSCs, thereby facilitating bone regeneration in a streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic bone defect mouse model [66]. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is diabetes mellitus.