TGFB1 and neoplasm: On the one hand, immune cells such as tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), and regulatory T cells (Tregs) secrete factors like transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and interleukin-10 (IL-10), promoting angiogenesis, immune suppression, and immune evasion, thereby facilitating tumor growth and metastasis [79,80].