TLR4 and Alzheimer disease: Conversely, PhM, as well as concomitant administration of MH or ZC with AlCl3, significantly decreased TLR4 by 33%, 48%, and 53%; NF-κB by 25%, 45%, and 43%; NLRP3 by 19%, 49%, and 60%; and caspase-1 mRNA expression by 31%, 54%, and 55%, respectively, thus resulting in neuroprotective effects in contrast to the AD group.