APP and Alzheimer disease: Conversely, PhM, as well as concurrent administration of MH or ZC with AlCl3, significantly decreased APP by 28%, 57%, and 59%; Aβ by 16%, 48%, and 45%; Tau by 27%, 66%, and 74%; and BACE1 by 33%, 61%, and 69%, respectively, thus resulting in neuroprotective effects in contrast to the AD group.