On the other hand, both human and murine NEMO can be targeted to the proteasome in the context of bacterial and viral infections by E3 ligases MARCH2 and TRIM29, respectively, while E3 ligase TRIM13 has been shown to modulate NEMO ubiquitination and turnover to control the activity of the IKK complex upon TNF stimulation [49,50,51]. This evidence concerns the gene MARCHF2 and viral infectious disease.