Although such direct effects were not observed in published studies, NRF2 and HIF-1α are involved in the infection process of various viruses, including Zika virus and SARS-CoV-2, offer a reservoir for hepatitis B virus survival in vivo, and are involved in the replication of the human cytomegalovirus and HIV [19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26]. Here, NFE2L2 is linked to infection.