In vitreous samples from RRD eyes with PVR, the mRNA levels of Fas (CD95) and the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and the protein levels of transforming growth factor-beta2 (TGF-β2) differ significantly from those of macular hole patients, indicating that Fas, TRAIL, and TGF-β2 are early mediators of PVR formation [48]. Here, TGFB2 is linked to macular holes.