In the context of IBD, mucosal epithelial cells produce IL-8 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, which are involved in regulating the recruitment of Ly6Chigh inflammatory monocytes through a C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCR2)-dependent mechanism, as a result of the local release of PAMPs and DAMPs in the damaged tissue [53]. Here, TGFB1 is linked to inflammatory bowel disease.