Given the current paucity of research on the role of this small peptide in the pathophysiology of obesity and diabetes [268], the rise in CXCL1 following olive oil treatments is perplexing; however, those of IL-12p40 and IL-1RA are consistent with an anti-inflammatory effect mediated by blocking pro-inflammatory signaling through IL-12 and IL-1 receptors, respectively [267]. This evidence concerns the gene CXCL1 and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.