HMGB1 and breast cancer: For example, in two studies on breast cancer, DHA induced the cleavage of pro-caspase-1 and GSDMD, increased the mature IL-1β and translocation of HMGB1, and accelerated the generation of membrane pores in breast cancer cells [51]; differently, dihydroartemisinin induced pyroptosis by cleaving gasdermin E (GSDME) through the activation of caspase-3 rather than caspase-1, as well as increasing those absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2), IL-1β, IL-18, and HMGB1 [52].