TNF and pancreatic adenocarcinoma: We also observed significant upregulation in high-ColX module samples of several regulatory pathways involved in tumor progression and immune response that were not identified through gene enrichment testing, including inflammatory response and KRAS signaling (all cohorts), Hedgehog signaling (BRCA), allograft rejection, IL-6/JAK/STAT3 signaling, and TNF-α signaling via NFKB (all PAAD cohorts), IFN-γ response (PAAD and male PAAD cohorts), complement (male and female PAAD cohorts), and IL-2/STAT5 signaling and TGF-β signaling pathways (male PAAD cohort).