The specific upregulated genes associated with pyruvate metabolism are ENO1, SLC9A1, FOXK2, LIPA, SLC16A1, TIGAR, ATF3, PPP4R3B, PEX13, HACD1, PANK2, GLDC, NDUFAF1, LANCL2, PRPS1, LPCAT3, DTYMK, PATL1, CD44 and PFKP (Fig. 7B), some of which encode metabolic enzymes or transporters or transcription factors relevant to glycolysis [50, 73–77], indicating a potential role of OVOL1 in regulating cellular metabolism in AD skin. Here, PPP4R3B is linked to Alzheimer disease.