A direct comparison between CMV-infected and uninfected groups showed a blunted CD8+ response with decreased FS and lower numbers of YF17D-specific IFNγ+TNFα+ CD8+ T cells in CMV-infected individuals, especially in the male population whereas all other vaccination endpoints seemed unaffected by CMV infection (Figures 3A–3C). Here, TNF is linked to cytomegalovirus infection.