IFNG and colitis: Additionally, costiolactone can mitigate DSS-induced colitis by reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β and IFN-γ, which may be related to the NF-κB, STAT1/3 and Akt signaling pathways (Xie et al., 2020) and costunolide also can restore Th17/Treg balance in colons, mesenteric lymph nodes, and spleen, further diminishing pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in colitis mice (Lv et al., 2021).